Linux 6.18 LTS has officially been released as the latest stable and long-term supported kernel, available for installation on Ubuntu systems via the Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA. This new kernel, introduced on November 30th, 2025, brings significant enhancements, including support for the Rust Binder driver and a new device-mapper target for persistent memory caching.

To install Linux 6.18 on either Ubuntu 25.10 (Questing Quokka) or Ubuntu 25.04 (Plucky Puffin) systems, users can access kernel packages through the official Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA. However, it’s important to note that these kernels come without warranty or support from the Ubuntu Kernel Team, which advises users that they won’t be held liable for any issues that emerge as a result of improper installation or use.

Method 1: Using the Mainline Kernels Tool

For a graphical approach, users can utilize the Mainline Kernels tool. This tool can be installed from a dedicated PPA. To do this, open the Terminal and execute the following commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cappelikan/ppasudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgradesudo apt install -y mainline

Once installed, the tool can be launched from the applications menu, where it will display the available kernel versions. Simply select "6.18" and click the "Install" button. After installation, reboot your computer to complete the process. The Mainline Kernels tool also provides notifications for new kernel versions, ensuring users stay updated.

Method 2: Command Line Installation

For those who prefer or need a command-line approach, the kernel can be manually downloaded and installed. This method is suitable for experienced users or as a fallback if the Mainline Kernels tool is unavailable. The necessary packages can be found on the official Ubuntu mainline kernel PPA archive.

For instance, to install the kernel on a 64-bit (amd64) system, download the following packages:

• linux-image-unsigned-6.18.0-061800-generic
• linux-modules-6.18.0-061800-generic
• linux-headers-6.18.0-061800-generic
• linux-headers-6.18.0-061800

Once the packages are downloaded to a directory in your Home folder, install them all simultaneously with the command:

sudo dpkg -i *.deb

Reverting Back to a Previous Kernel

If you encounter any issues with the new kernel, you can revert to Ubuntu’s default kernel or another installed version. Upon boot, press the Esc key to access the boot menu, navigate to “Advanced options,” and select a different kernel from the list available.

For further details on Linux Kernel 6.18 LTS, refer to the original announcement here.

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A Step-by-Step Guide to Installing Linux Kernel 6.18 LTS on Ubuntu 25.10 and 25.04
 

As of October 29, 2025, Canonical has officially opened the upgrade path for users of Ubuntu 25.04 (Plucky Puffin) to upgrade to the latest version, Ubuntu 25.10 (Questing Quokka). The new version was launched earlier on October 9, but the upgrade wasn’t available until now. While users could force the upgrade with the command update-manager -d, it was not recommended due to potential issues, such as ending up with a broken system.

Before proceeding with the upgrade, it’s crucial to ensure your current installation is up to date and to have a backup of important files, just in case something goes awry during the upgrade. Users will likely receive a notification about the availability of Ubuntu 25.10, but they can also initiate the upgrade manually through the Software Updater app or by executing the command update-manager -c in the Terminal.

During the upgrade process, the Software Updater will inform users if certain third-party packages could block the upgrade and recommend uninstalling these before proceeding. Information will be provided about the packages to be upgraded, installed, or removed, including their sizes and download requirements, as well as a notice that any third-party repositories will be disabled for the duration of the upgrade.

Once all packages are downloaded, they will be installed. After the installation is complete, users will be alerted to any obsolete packages that can be removed, although they have the option to keep them. Finally, users will need to restart their computers to complete the installation and can then enjoy the new features of Ubuntu 25.10 (Questing Quokka).

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A Step-by-Step Guide for Ubuntu 25.04 Users to Upgrade to Ubuntu 25.10
 

Installing Linux on older MacBook models, particularly those with Intel processors, can lead to audio issues, such as experiencing only "dummy output" with no sound. This guide outlines the steps to resolve this problem, based on a personal experience with a MacBook Pro 13-inch 2017 model, which featured the MacBookPro14,1 model identifier.

Upon trying several Linux distributions, including Ubuntu 25.04, Ubuntu 24.04.2, Fedora Linux 42, and openSUSE Tumbleweed, all presented the same audio issue: the sound card was unrecognized. After extensive troubleshooting, it became clear that many commonly suggested fixes were outdated. The actual problem stemmed from a missing driver for the audio codec, specifically the Cirrus Logic CS8409 for this model.

To identify your sound codec, run the following command in the Terminal:

cat /proc/asound/card*/codec* | grep Codec

For the MacBookPro14,1, the output will confirm the Cirrus Logic CS8409 codec. Unfortunately, it appears that recent Linux kernel releases do not include a driver for this codec. However, a solution exists thanks to Alexander Egorenkov, who has created a driver available on GitHub.

Follow these steps to install the necessary driver:

1. Open a Terminal in your Home directory and run the following commands:

   git clone https://github.com/egorenar/snd-hda-codec-cs8409.gitcd snd-hda-codec-cs8409makesudo make install

2. After completing these commands, reboot your computer.

Once your system restarts, the audio should be functional. You can verify this by checking if your internal microphone is detected and if output options can be configured. It’s hoped that future versions of the Linux kernel will integrate this driver officially, preventing others from experiencing the same issue.

For additional details on installing Linux distributions that might help with similar issues, check the following resources:

• Ubuntu 25.04 (Plucky Puffin) Release
• Fedora Linux 42 Release
• snd-hda-codec-cs8409 GitHub Repository

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How to Resolve Dummy Output and No Sound Issues on MacBook Running Linux
 

Most Linux distributions default to using the integrated GPU (typically an AMD or Intel graphics card) on laptops and desktops. If you want to switch your primary GPU to an NVIDIA card while using Wayland, here’s a quick guide based on the GNOME and KDE Plasma desktop environments, which are popular among Linux users.

Pre-requisites

This tutorial specifically caters to users operating under Wayland. For those using an X11/Xorg session, an alternative guide can be found in the article about connecting Linux laptops to external monitors.

Check Your Current GPU

Start by checking which GPU is currently in use on your system. Open your terminal and run:

glxinfo | egrep "OpenGL vendor|OpenGL renderer"

Switching the Primary GPU on GNOME

1. Create a new udev rules file by executing the following command in your terminal:

   sudo nano /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/61-mutter-primary-gpu.rules

2. In the opened file, paste the following rule to set your NVIDIA GPU as the primary device:

   ENV{DEVNAME}=="/dev/dri/card0", TAG+="mutter-device-preferred-primary"

3. You’ll want to confirm which GPU corresponds to /dev/dri/card0. Use these commands to identify your GPU’s PCI number:

   ls -l /dev/dri/by-path/lspci -k | grep -EA3 'VGA|3D|Display'

Switching the Primary GPU on KDE Plasma

1. For KDE Plasma, create a configuration directory and file as follows:

   mkdir -p ~/.config/environment.d/nano ~/.config/environment.d/90-nvidia.conf

2. Paste the following lines into the 90-nvidia.conf file:

   __NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD=1__GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME=nvidia__VK_LAYER_NV_optimus=NVIDIA_only

Final Steps

After saving your changes, reboot your computer to activate the new settings. Verify that the NVIDIA graphics card is designated as the default GPU, either by using command-line tools or checking the System Settings application.

This process should effectively switch your primary GPU to NVIDIA when operating under Wayland, allowing you to leverage the performance benefits of your dedicated graphics card.

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Switching Your Primary GPU to NVIDIA on Wayland for KDE Plasma and GNOME: A Step-by-Step Guide
 

Linux 6.8 is now the latest stable kernel and Ubuntu users can now install it on their machines via Canonical’s Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive. Here’s a quick tutorial on how to achieve that using the GUI or the command line.

Linux kernel 6.8 was released on March 10th, 2024. It introduces new features like LAM (Linear Address Masking) virtualization and guest-first memory support for KVM, support for the Broadcom BCM2712 processor in Raspberry Pi 5, zswap writeback disabling, fscrypt support for CephFS, a new Intel Xe DRM driver, as well as numerous other new and updated drivers for better hardware support.

And now you can install Linux kernel 6.8 on your Ubuntu system if you need hardware support or just want to use one of the new features. I’ve tested this tutorial on a 64-bit Ubuntu 23.10 machine and it worked like a charm. Packages are also available for ARMhf, PowerPC 64-bit Little Endian (ppc64el), and IBM System z (s390x) architectures.

I must warn you that these kernels are produced with no warranty by the Ubuntu Kernel Team. They will NOT offer support for these kernels in case you have issues, and they will NOT be held responsible for any damages these kernels may cause due to improper installation or use.

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sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cappelikan/ppa
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt install -y mainline

Once the Mainline Kernels tool has been installed, you can open it from the applications menu of your Ubuntu system. The tool will quickly check the availability of new kernel versions from Canonical’s Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive and will list Linux 6.8.1 at the top, which is the latest stable kernel version at the moment of writing.

Click on the “Linux kernel 6.8.1” entry to select it and then click on the big “Install” button on the right to install the new kernel on your Ubuntu machine. Wait for the installation to complete and then reboot your computer.

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The advantage of using this method is that you will receive new kernel versions (e.g. Linux 6.8.2, 6.8.3, etc.) when they are released upstream. Even better, the Mainline Kernels tool can inform you of new Linux kernel versions if you enable the notification feature in the tool’s settings.

Method 2: Install Linux kernel 6.8 on Ubuntu via CLI

The second method is recommended for experienced users who know what they’re doing and don’t want to use the Mainline Kernels tool from the first method above. This method can also be used as a fallback in case the Mainline Kernels tool doesn’t pick up the latest kernels from the Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive.

This method implies that you will have to manually download and install the kernel packages for your specific architecture from the official Ubuntu mainline kernel PPA archive for Linux kernel 6.8 and then install them manually on your system via the command line.

For example, to install Linux kernel 6.8.1 on a 64-bit (amd64) Ubuntu system, you need to download the packages listed below via the Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive. Create a folder in your Home directory and download the packages there.

amd64/linux-headers-6.8.1-060801-generic_6.8.1-060801.202403151937_amd64.deb
amd64/linux-headers-6.8.1-060801_6.8.1-060801.202403151937_all.deb
amd64/linux-image-unsigned-6.8.1-060801-generic_6.8.1-060801.202403151937_amd64.deb
amd64/linux-modules-6.8.1-060801-generic_6.8.1-060801.202403151937_amd64.deb

Once you have downloaded all the kernel packages in the respective folder, you can install them all at once by running the sudo dpkg -i *.deb command in the Terminal app or from a virtual terminal, assuming you have first navigated to the folder where the kernel packages have been downloaded.

When the installation is complete, reboot your system.

Going back to Ubuntu’s default kernel or another installed kernel

If you experience any issues with Linux kernel 6.8 and you want to go back to Ubuntu’s default kernel or another kernel that’s installed on your system, press the Esc key when your computer boots to view the boot menu, then access the “Advanced options” boot entry and select a different kernel version from the list of available kernels.

Last updated 46 mins ago

I’m sorry but your input is a script and div elements which is used for ads by Google Adsense. The task was to provide narrative content wrapped in HTML, but this is code for ads, which doesn’t contain narrative content.

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For Inquiries or to receive a personalized quote, please reach out to us through our contact form here or email us at sales@chicagovps.net.

Step-by-step Guide: How to Install Linux Kernel 6.8 on Ubuntu
 

Linux 6.7 is now the most up-to-date steady kernel, and Ubuntu users can now download and install it on their machines through Canonical’s Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive. Here is a brief tutorial on how to do it either via the GUI or command line.

Linux kernel 6.7 was launched on the 7th of January, 2024, and it brought in new features such as the bcachefs file system application, backing for NVIDIA’s GSP firmware, numerous enhancements to the Btrfs file system, as well as a host of new and updated drivers to improve hardware support.

And now, if you require hardware backing that’s accessible in Linux kernel 6.7, or if you just want to run the most recent kernel version, you can download and install it on your Ubuntu machine from the official Ubuntu Mainline Kernel Archive. Packages are currently ready for amd64 (x86_64), ARMhf, PowerPC 64-bit Little Endian (ppc64el), and IBM System z (s390x) architectural designs.

However, I need to caution you that these kernels are created without any guarantees given by the Ubuntu Kernel Team. They will NOT provide support for these kernels if you encounter any problems, and they will NOT be held accountable for any damages these kernels might cause due to incorrect installation or use. Also, you should know that these kernels aren’t signed, meaning you’ll have to disable Secure Boot for their installation.

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Method 1: Install Linux kernel 6.7 on Ubuntu with “Mainline Kernels” tool

The easiest way to install Linux kernel 6.7 on your Ubuntu computer is by using a graphical tool called Mainline Kernels, which you can install from this PPA by running the commands below in the Terminal app. Open the Terminal app and run the following commands to install the Mainline Kernels tool:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:cappelikan/ppa
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt install -y mainline

Once the Mainline Kernels tool is installed, you can access it from your Ubuntu system’s applications menu. This tool rapidly checks for new kernel versions from Canonical’s Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive. The current newest version, Linux kernel 6.7.1, should be prominently displayed at the top of the list.

To install Linux kernel 6.7 on your Ubuntu system, simply click on the “Linux kernel 6.7.1” list item and then hit the large “Install” button on the right side of the screen. Patiently wait for the installation process to finish before restarting your computer.

Upon reboot, your Ubuntu machine will be running Linux kernel 6.7. I’ve verified this procedure using an Ubuntu 23.10 (Mantic Minotaur) setup, and it performed flawlessly.

The advantage of using this method is that you will receive new kernel versions (e.g. Linux 6.7.2, 6.7.3, etc.) when they are released upstream. Even better, the Mainline Kernels tool can inform you of new Linux kernel versions if you enable the feature in the tool’s notifications settings.

Method 2: Install Linux kernel 6.7 on Ubuntu via CLI

The second method is recommended for experienced users who know what they’re doing and don’t want to use the Mainline Kernels tool from the first method above. This method can also be used as a fallback in case the Mainline Kernels tool doesn’t pick up the latest kernels from the Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive.

this method implies that you will have to manually download and install the kernel packages for your specific architecture from the official Ubuntu mainline kernel PPA archive for Linux kernel 6.7 and then install them manually on your system via the command line.

If you aim to install the Linux kernel 6.7 on a 64-bit (amd64) system, you must download the necessary packages from the Ubuntu Mainline Kernel PPA archive. Start by creating a folder in your Home directory to house the packages.

amd64/linux-headers-6.7.1-060701-generic_6.7.1-060701.202401201133_amd64.deb

amd64/linux-headers-6.7.1-060701_6.7.1-060701.202401201133_all.deb

amd64/linux-image-unsigned-6.7.1-060701-generic_6.7.1-060701.202401201133_amd64.deb

amd64/linux-modules-6.7.1-060701-generic_6.7.1-060701.202401201133_amd64.deb

Once you’ve successfully downloaded all the kernel packages to the specified folder, you can install them simultaneously by utilizing the sudo dpkg -i *.deb command either in the Terminal app or from a virtual terminal. Note that you must first navigate to the directory where the kernel packages are stored.

When the installation is complete, reboot your system.

Going back to Ubuntu’s kernel or another installed kernel

If you experience any issues with Linux kernel 6.7 and you want to go back to Ubuntu’s default kernel or another kernel that’s installed on your system, press the Esc key when your computer boots to view the boot menu, then access the “Advanced options” boot entry and select a different kernel version from the list of available kernels.

Last updated 45 mins ago

As per your instructions and guidelines, the input provided is irrelevant and consists of undesired elements. In this given scenario, there is nothing to reformat or rewrite due to the absence of a narrative story within a valid HTML context.

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For Inquiries or to receive a personalized quote, please reach out to us through our contact form here or email us at sales@chicagovps.net.

Step-by-Step Guide: Installing Linux Kernel 6.7 on Ubuntu
Samantha Rattner

This tutorial will be guiding through the installation procedure of CampaignChain. Campaign chain is an open source campaign management and marketing integration solution. With campaign chain, marketers can plan, execute, monitor and optimize campaigns in a holistic overview. In addition, developers can integrate communication tools, channels and devices with this open source platform. This tutorial will be guiding you through the simple installation of Campaign chain on a VPS server loaded with Ubuntu 16.04. This tutorial will not be explaining the configuration of Campaigns which you need to do yourself after installing the campaign chain on the server.

This tutorial includes the following steps

1. Checking Requirement
2. Installing Node.js and Bower
3. Create MySQL Database
4. Installing Composer
5. Installing Base System
6. Configuring Campaign Chain Variables
7. Clear Cache and Dump Assets
8. Enabling Write Permission on Files
9. Set up Cron Job
10. Start Server to Run Campaign Chain
11. Campaign Chain Web Installation

As per the Campaign chain website, the minimum requirement to install and run campaign chain are listed below. We may need additional setup required during installation which will be explained in this tutorial wherever required

• PHP 5.5 or better
• PHP JSON, PDO, curl, GD and intl extensions enabled
• PHP’s system() function must work
• MySQL 5.5 or better
• Java 1.5 or better

I request you to go through our LAMP stack installation guide to do a basic configuration of the server. Please follow the below steps to satisfy the above-mentioned minimum requirement by your server. Skip the steps, if you have already these modules configured on your server.

sudo apt-get install php (Installs PHP on your server) sudo apt-get install php-json php-curl php-pdo php-gd php-intl (Installs PHP JSON, Curl, PDO, GD and INTL modules) sudo apt-get install mysql-server (Installs MySQL server)

The following lines of code will add the java pack into the repository and install it on the server.

sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:webupd8team/java sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install oracle-java8-installer

To verify the java installation, just run the following command which will list the version of java running on the server.

java -version

Installing Node.js and Bower

Campaign chain makes use of Bower for Javascript components. We need to install npm which comes up with nodejs before installing the bower on the server. As npm is come up with nodejs, we will follow the below steps to install node.js, npm and bower. Just release the following command to install node.js on the server

sudo apt-get install nodejs

Subsequently, put the following command to install npm on the server

sudo apt-get install npm

The following command will be used to install bower on the server

sudo npm install -g bower

Additionally, please install git on the server if you haven’t done it earlier on your server. Just use the following command to install git on server

sudo apt-get install git

Please use the following command to link nodejs with node. If the node directory is not available, campaign chain will throw an exception during installation.

sudo ln -s /usr/bin/nodejs /usr/bin/node

Create MySQL Database

Campaign Chain makes use of MySQL as the database for storing data. As the database details are required to run the campaign chain installation, we need to create a database for campaign chain before we start installing. Just apply the following command into the putty box to log into MySQL server.  Please provide MySQL root password when it asks for the password

mysql -u root -p

Use the following command to create a new database. Replace the “ccdatabase” with any name that you wish to use for campaign chain database

CREATE DATABASE ccdatabase;

In the next step, we will create a database user. To create a database user, run the following command. Please don’t forget to replace “ccuser” with the database user name of your wish and “StrongPassword@1” with a strong password of your choice.

CREATE USER ‘ccuser’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘StrongPassword@1’;

The following command will gran full access to the created database for the user created in the above step. As usual, Please replace the database name and user name with one created above.

GRANT ALL ON ccdatabase.* TO ‘ccuser’@’localhost’;

Release the following command to flush the privileges table

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

The below command will take you out of database command prompt

exit;

Installing Composer

Campaign chain makes use of Composer for managing the packages and modules. Please use the following command to install the composer on your server globally.

sudo curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | sudo php — –install-dir=/usr/local/bin –filename=composer

Installing Base System

In this step, we will install the base system on the server. Before the installation begins, I will create a separate directory for campaign chain on my server to make use. I’m going to fetch the campaignchain files into a directory named “campaignchain”. I will create a directory for campaign chain on my server as like below

cd /var/www/ mkdir campaignchain

Please note that you can create a directory in any path and can use any name. Now navigate to new directory before proceeding to next step

cd campaignchain

Now you are ready to install the campaign chain base system on the server. Just use the following command to install the base system.

composer create-project –stability=dev campaignchain/campaignchain campaignchain dev-master

You can replace the bolded campaignchain with any name you wish. The usage of above command will create a new directory named campaignchain inside our already created directory campaignchain. That is the files will be now available in the path /var/www/campaignchain/campaignchain  

Configuring Campaign Chain Variables

During the installation, it will ask you to input some parameters such as database details. The very important parameters include database name, database user, database password, router.request_context.host. Please don’t leave these parameters unfilled as the installation will fail or you will face some issues with automated background process The router.request_context.host is the domain name. Here I have used my server IP as hostname whereas you can use your domain name.    

Clear Cache and Dump Assets

Once the installation complete, navigate to the inner campaign chain directory by using the following command. Please note, your directory name may be different.

cd campaignchain

Now use the following commands one by one. The first command will clear the cache and the second one will the dump assets

sudo php app/console cache:clear –env=prod –no-debug sudo php app/console assetic:dump –env=prod –no-debug

Enabling Write Permission on Files

Please make sure that the following directories are writable.

• app/campaignchain
• app/cache
• app/logs
• app/sessions
• web/assetic
• web/bundles
• web/css
• web/fonts
• web/images
• web/js
• web/media
• web/storage

You can use the following command to check the permission value of a file or folder. It should have proper permission by default. If not, please use chmod to change permission.

stat –format ‘%a’ app (replace app with the folder or file name)

Set up Cron Job

We need to set up a cron job to work the scheduler. Just follow the below steps to edit crontab and add new cron job

crontab -e -u samad

Replace samad with your username It will open the editor. Please add the following line to the file opened. Please replace /var/www/campaignchain/campaignchain with the path to your campaign chain installation folder

*/1 * * * * cd /var/www/campaignchain/campaignchain && php app/console campaignchain:scheduler –env=prod 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null

Now Press Ctrl+O to save and hit enter when it asks for the file name confirmation. Then Ctrl+X to exit the editor

Start Server to Run Campaign Chain

We will use PHP’s built-in web server to run the campaign chain. To start the web server, just use the following command. Please replace the IP address with your server IP or domain name

sudo php app/console server:start 104.168.101.139

Campaign Chain Web Installation

The final step in the campaign chain installation is web based. In the web-based installation, we will be mainly configuring the admin account details and bit.ly API key To run the web-based campaignchain installation, just load the following URL in a browser. Please don’t forget to replace the IP address with your domain name or IP address.

http://104.168.101.139:8000/

The installation windows will be loaded on the browser. There will be a possible error message that will be thrown by the installation if you haven’t edited the php.ini file to set timezone. If you get the error, edit the php.ini file to set timezone using the following command

sudo vi /etc/php/7.0/cli/php.ini

search for date.timezone by using /date.timezone and replace the entire line with date.timezone = Asia/Kolkata You can change Asia/Kolkata with any other timezone. Save the configuration and restart apache using the following command

sudo systemctl restart apache2

Reload the installation page and if you see the error message again after the modification, restart the PHP server using the following command. As usual, change the IP address with your IP address

sudo php app/console server:stop 104.168.101.139 sudo php app/console server:start 104.168.101.139

Reload the page again to restart the installation Click on Next Step button   Simply click on the “Next Step” button to install system modules and proceed to the next step In this step, Global secret key will be generated In this step, you need to input bit.ly access token. Just open https://bitly.com/a/oauth_apps to create an access token In the final step, configure the admin details for the login. Once you finish this step, the installation will take you into the login screen Login to the admin panel using the credentials used in the final step of configuration You will be taken to the campaign chain dashboard after successfully logged in to the system Hope this tutorial helped you to install campaign chain on your server. Share your experience of installing campaign chain through comments

HOW TO INSTALL CAMPAIGN CHAIN ON UBUNTU 16.04
Nick Phillips

In this tutorial, we will be explaining the steps to install Next Cloud on Ubuntu 16.04 server. As you are here to read the next cloud installation tutorial, you might be aware of Next Cloud and it’s usage. NextCloud is a free and open source file sharing platform that can be installed on a private server. NextCloud eliminates the need of using a third party cloud hosting platform for storing and using the information such as files, calendars, contacts etc. Being a fork of OwnCloud, the main difference of NextCloud from OwnCloud is that the software is completely open source. We will be going through the installation and configuration procedure without taking much time to explain the features of next cloud. To know more about nextcloud, just check out the official next cloud website.

Prerequisites

– Putty for connecting to server – A user with sudo privileges – LAMP stack – If you haven’t installed LAMP stack on the server, follow our tutorial to install LAMP stack on Ubuntu 16.04. Special Note: This tutorial will be installing next cloud on the domain name http://example1.com/nextcloud. Please don’t forget to change the example1 with your domain name. Check our virtual host file creation tutorial for adding a domain name to the web server. It is a good habit to make sure that the system repositories are up to date before installing anything on the server. As usual, you can run the following command to update repositories

sudo apt-get update

Install NextCloud on Ubuntu 16.04

The complete installation and configuration of next cloud on Ubuntu server includes the following steps

1. Installing PHP modules
2. Download NextCloud to Server
3. Installing NextCloud Files on Server
4. Configuring Apache for NextCloud
5. Create Database for NextCloud
6. NextCloud Final Configuration

Installing PHP modules

We need to install additional modules than that installed during LAMP stack configuration to work NextCloud properly. To install required PHP modules, run the following command

sudo apt-get install php-gd php-json php-mysql php-curl php-intl php-mcrypt php-imagick php-zip php-dom php-xml php-mbstring

Please type Y when it asks for the confirmation to start the installation.

Download the latest version of NextCloud

In this step, we will fetch the latest release of NextCloud to our server using wget command. The latest version of the nextcloud can be found here 

wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest-11.zip

This command will save the “latest-11.zip” file in the current directory Use the “ls” command to list the file on current directory and confirm the file is fetched to the server.

Installing NextCloud on Server

In this step, we will extract the “latest-11.zip” file in the current directory using the following command.

unzip latest-11.zip

A new directory with the name nextcloud will be appeared upon extracting the zip file We will move the nextcloud directory into the domain path. In my case, the domain name is “example1.com” and the domain path from the root is /var/www/example1.com/public_html So I will use the following command in the putty box to move the nextcloud directory to the domain root path /var/www/example1.com/public_html

sudo mv nextcloud /var/www/example1.com/public_html

Now we have all the files required for nextcloud is in the correct directory. However, we need to fix the ownership issues and permissions for files and directories to work nextcloud properly. You will receive an error message as like below when you try to access next cloud from the web browser before fixing the correct permission We can fix all the permission and ownership issues of nextcloud by running an official shell script. Create a new file named permissionfix.sh using the following command

sudo vi permissionfix.sh

Paste the following code into the permissionfix.sh. Please replace the “ocpath” with your actual path where your nextcloud files are placed

#!/bin/bash ocpath=’/var/www/example1.com/public_html/nextcloud‘ htuser=’www-data’ htgroup=’www-data’ rootuser=’root’ printf “Creating possible missing Directories\n” mkdir -p $ocpath/data mkdir -p $ocpath/updater printf “chmod Files and Directories\n” find ${ocpath}/ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0640 find ${ocpath}/ -type d -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0750 printf “chown Directories\n” chown -R ${rootuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/ chown -R ${htuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/apps/ chown -R ${htuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/config/ chown -R ${htuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/data/ chown -R ${htuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/themes/ chown -R ${htuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/updater/ chmod +x ${ocpath}/occ printf “chmod/chown .htaccess\n” if [ -f ${ocpath}/.htaccess ] then chmod 0644 ${ocpath}/.htaccess chown ${rootuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/.htaccess fi if [ -f ${ocpath}/data/.htaccess ] then chmod 0644 ${ocpath}/data/.htaccess chown ${rootuser}:${htgroup} ${ocpath}/data/.htaccess fi

Write and quit from the vi editor by pressing Esc:wq + Enter Now run this script to fix the file permission issues by using the following command

sudo bash permissionfix.sh

Apache Configuration for NextCloud

To work nextcloud properly on the server, the mod_rewrite should be enabled on the server. Just release the following command to enable mod_rewrite on the apache server

sudo a2enmod rewrite

Please install the additional recommended modules by using the following command lines. If these modules are already present on the server, you will receive an already enabled message. Just ignore it and move ahead to next step

sudo a2enmod headers sudo a2enmod env sudo a2enmod dir sudo a2enmod mime

Create apache configuration files by following the below steps

sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf

Copy paste the following code into the file and save it. Please be vigilant to replace the paths in the following code with your actual path.

Alias /nextcloud “/var/www/example1.com/public_html/nextcloud/” <Directory /var/www/example1.com/public_html/nextcloud/> Options +FollowSymlinks AllowOverride All <IfModule mod_dav.c> Dav off </IfModule> SetEnv HOME /var/www/example1.com/public_html/nextcloud SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/example1.com/public_html/nextcloud </Directory>

Now we need to create the symlink for this to /etc/apache2/sites-enabled

sudo a2ensite nextcloud

Even you can enable the site by using the following command

sudo ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/nextcloud.conf

Once done, reload apache to activate the changes by releasing the following commands

sudo systemctl reload apache2

Create MySQL database for NextCloud

We have all the setup files ready for nextcloud installation. Now we need to create a database for nextcloud. Just follow the below procedure to create a database for the nextcloud. Use the following command to access the MySQL database

mysql -u root -p

It will ask you to enter the MySQL root password. Please type your MySQL root password and enter to the MySQL command prompt Now, create a database for nextcloud using the command below. You can replace the database name “ncdatabase” with any name that you wish. I suggest you not to use nextcloud as database name for security reasons.

CREATE DATABASE ncdatabase;

In the next step, we will create a database user and will assign the user to the created database with all privileges

CREATE USER ‘ncuser’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘MyStrongPassword@123’;

Replace “ncuser” with the database username you wish and “MyStrongPassword@123” with a strong password Now assign the user “ncuser” to the database “ncdatabase” with all privileges. Please don’t forget to replace database user name and database name with your actual database name and username

GRANT ALL ON ncdatabase.* TO ‘ncuser’@’localhost’; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; exit;

Next Cloud Final Configuration

In this step, we will configure the nextcloud through the web-based installation procedure. To start the installation, just load the domain name on a web browser. In my case, I will load http://example1.com/nextcloud to initiate the installation

• Create an admin account by entering username and password. I suggest you to use an username other than admin and a strong password
• Data folder will be fetched by the script automatically. Verify that it is correct
• You have to enter the database details correctly
• In my case, the database user is “ncuser”, database password is “MyStrongPassword@123” and Database name is “ncdatabase”.
• Database hostname will be  filled by default as localhost
• Click on “Finish Setup” after filling out all the details correctly to finish the installation

After the successful installation, you will receive the following screen on your browser where you can start managing your files    

Conclusion

If you have followed our tutorial correctly, you will be on the nextcloud dashboard right now. Just refer the official administration manual to configure additional settings for nextcloud. Let us know if you face any issue with nextcloud installation on Ubuntu 16.04

HOW TO INSTALL NEXT CLOUD ON UBUNTU 16.04
Nick Phillips

If you want to learn how to build your own web crawler using a VPS, have you considered using Scrapy? In this installment of LowEndTutorials, we’ll go over the basic functions of the Scrapy web crawling app.

Scrapy is an open source application that is used to extract data from websites. Its framework is developed in Python which enables your VPS to perform crawling tasks in a fast, simple and extensible way.

How to Install Scrapy on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS

As we previously mentioned, Scrapy is dependent on Python, development libraries and pip software.

Python’s latest version should be pre-installed on your Ubuntu VPS.  From there, we will only have to install pip and python developer libraries before installation of Scrapy.

Before continuing let’s make sure that our system is up to date. Let’s therefore log into our system and gain root privileges using the following command:

> sudo -i

We can now make sure everything is up to date using the two following commands:

> apt-get update

> apt-get install python

In the next step we are going to install Pip. Pip is the replacement for easy_install for python package indexer. It is used for installation and management of Python packages. We can perform that installation using the following command:

> apt-get install python-pip

Once Pip is installed, we will have to install python development libraries by using following command.

> apt-get install python-dev

If this package is missing, the installation of Scrapy will generate an error about the python.h header file. Make sure to check the output of the previous command before continuing with the next steps of the installation.

Scrapy framework can be installed from a deb package. Try running the following command:

> pip install scrapy

The installation will take some time and should end with the following message:

“Successfully installed scrapy queuelib service-identity parsel w3lib PyDispatcher cssselect Twisted pyasn1 pyasn1-modules attrs constantly incremental

Cleaning up...”

If you see that, you have successfully installed Scrapy and you are now ready to start crawling the web!

Before you start scraping, you will have to set up a new Scrapy project. Enter a directory where you’d like to store your code and run:

> scrapy startproject myProject

This will create a “myProject” directory with the following content:

- scrapy.cfg - the project configuration file - myProject/

- you'll import your code from here

- items.py - project items definition file

- pipelines.py - project pipelines file

- settings.py - project settings file

- spiders/ - a directory where you'll later put your spiders

We are now going to create our first spider and execute it to collect some information from the web.

Spiders are classes that you define. Scrapy uses spiders to scrape information from a website (or a group of websites). This is the code for our first Spider. Save it in a file named “quotes_spider.py” under the “myProject/spiders” directory in your project:

import scrapy

class QuotesSpider(scrapy.Spider):

name = "quotes"

def start_requests(self):

urls = [

'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/',

'http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/2/',

]

for url in urls:

yield scrapy.Request(url=url, callback=self.parse)

def parse(self, response):

page = response.url.split("/")[-2]

filename = 'quotes-%s.html' % page

with open(filename, 'wb') as f:

f.write(response.body)

self.log('Saved file %s' % filename)

What this code will do is basically navigate the two following webpages that contain quotes from different authors and save them in html files named, quote-1.html and quote-2.html:

http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/1/

http://quotes.toscrape.com/page/2/

Once you have saved the file with the code you are ready to execute your first crawler using the two following commands:

> cd myProject

> scrapy crawl quotes

The execution of the spider should end with the following line:

 

“…..[scrapy] INFO: Spider closed (finished)”

If you list the files in your current directory you should see the new html files generated by the spider:

 
quotes-1.html

quotes-2.html

In the following example we are going to extract the information of each author, following the links to their page and save the result in a JSON Lines format file. We will first need to create a new spider named author_spider.py with the following content:

 
import scrapy

class AuthorSpider(scrapy.Spider):

name = 'author'

start_urls = ['http://quotes.toscrape.com/']

def parse(self, response):


# follow links to author pages

for href in response.css('.author+a::attr(href)').extract():

yield scrapy.Request(response.urljoin(href),

callback=self.parse_author)
 

# follow pagination links

next_page = response.css('li.next a::attr(href)').extract_first()

if next_page is not None:

next_page = response.urljoin(next_page)

yield scrapy.Request(next_page, callback=self.parse)


def parse_author(self, response):

def extract_with_css(query):

return response.css(query).extract_first().strip()


yield {

'name': extract_with_css('h3.author-title::text'),

'birthdate': extract_with_css('.author-born-date::text'),

'bio': extract_with_css('.author-description::text'),

}

We can now execute this new crawler with the following command:

> scrapy crawl author -o author.jl

This will create a file named author.jl with the content of the extraction. The JSON Lines format is useful because it’s stream-like, you can easily append new records to it.

This is just a brief overview of the Scrapy app. It looks like you could do perform some pretty sophisticated tasks using Scrapy on your Ubuntu VPS.

If you’d like to Get More Info about Scrapy, the best thing to do is to take a deep dive into Scrapy’s documentation.

HOW TO BUILD YOUR OWN WEB CRAWLER USING AN UBUNTU VPS
Nick Phillips